Micro-Infusion Contraindications and Safety: Who Should Not Use an At-Home Device
Micro-Infusion Contraindications and Safety: Who Should Not Use an At-Home Device, and What Ownership Involves
Before you spend money on an at-home micro-infusion kit, two questions decide whether it is a good idea: is it safe for you specifically, and what are you actually committing to own and maintain. This page answers both for the EvenSkyn MicroInfuser, drawn from the device manual and the dermatology literature, including the parts that are not flattering.
The short version
Most healthy adults can use the EvenSkyn MicroInfuser. Do not use it if you have taken isotretinoin (Accutane) in the past six months, have a keloid scarring history, or have an active skin infection or cold sore in the treatment area.
Talk to your doctor first if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, take blood thinners, or manage a condition that affects healing, such as uncontrolled diabetes or an autoimmune flare.
The needles are mechanically fixed at 0.5 mm, which lowers the technique risks of adjustable devices but does not change those medical contraindications. Owning it means single-use sterile heads, one sealed 5 mL serum ampoule per session, a 12-month warranty on the applicator, and treating used heads as sharps.
Eligibility at a glance
Use this table as a fast self-check before reading the detail below. It summarizes who is usually a good candidate for at-home micro-infusion, who should get medical clearance first, and who should not use the device at all. Every item is expanded, with sources, further down the page.
| Usually clear to use | Talk to your doctor first | Do not use |
|---|---|---|
| Healthy adult skin with no active flare or infection | Pregnant, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding | Isotretinoin (Accutane) now or within the past six months |
| Goals like fine lines, texture, tone, and early laxity | On blood thinners or anticoagulants | Personal or family history of keloid or hypertrophic scarring |
| Fitzpatrick I to VI, with daily SPF and a careful start | On immunosuppressants or systemic steroids | Active skin infection or cold sore in the treatment area |
| Sensitive skin, starting every three to four weeks | Uncontrolled diabetes or an active autoimmune flare | Open wounds, or an active eczema or psoriasis flare |
| Adults using it as directed, adults only | Fish or shellfish allergy, or a history of cold sores | Active cystic acne, or an allergy to gold or stainless steel |
Key takeaways
- Some people should not use an at-home micro-infusion device at all: recent oral isotretinoin, a keloid or hypertrophic scarring history, active skin infection including cold sores in the area, and open or actively inflamed skin are absolute reasons to stop.
- Others should get a doctor's clearance first, including anyone pregnant or breastfeeding, taking blood thinners, on immunosuppressants, or living with uncontrolled diabetes or an active autoimmune condition.
- The MicroInfuser's needles are mechanically fixed at 0.5 mm, which narrows the technique risks of variable-depth devices but does not remove the biological contraindications that apply at any depth.
- Owning the device means handling consumables responsibly: single-use gamma-sterilized heads that must be disposed of as sharps, a 5 mL sealed serum ampoule per session, and a 12-month limited warranty on the applicator only.
- The serum contains marine-derived hydrolyzed collagen, so it is not suitable for a fish or shellfish allergy without medical clearance, and the device is a cosmetic tool, not a medical device, and not FDA-cleared.
What micro-infusion actually does, briefly
Micro-infusion combines two things in one step: very short needles create temporary micro-channels in the upper skin, and a serum is delivered into those channels at the same time. Understanding this is what makes the safety picture make sense, because the risks scale with how deep the needles go and how clean the process is, not with the idea of needling itself. The MicroInfuser keeps the depth fixed and the serum sealed, which is the whole point of the design.
The MicroInfuser at a glance
The EvenSkyn MicroInfuser is an at-home micro-infusion stamping device that pairs 24-karat gold-plated microneedles, fixed at 0.5 mm, with single-use sterile heads and a sealed Syntha-Pep serum ampoule for each session. The specifications below are the reference points the rest of this page returns to; every figure is taken from the MicroInfuser User Manual, Edition 1 (2026), or the live product page. For the serum breakdown, see our companion page on what is actually in Syntha-Pep.
| Specification | Detail |
|---|---|
| Needle depth | 0.5 mm, mechanically locked; cannot penetrate deeper under pressure |
| Needle material | 24-karat gold-plated, chosen as hypoallergenic and oxidation-resistant |
| Needle head | Single-use, gamma-sterilized, individually sealed |
| Serum | Syntha-Pep, 5 mL single-use ampoule, sealed ampoule-to-head system |
| Standard cadence | Once every two weeks, in the evening |
| Advanced cadence | Optional every 10 days, only after 4 to 6 tolerated sessions |
| Session length | Approximately 5 to 10 minutes |
| Kit options | 2-pack and 4-pack serum-and-head configurations |
| Applicator warranty | 12-month limited, consumables excluded |
| Storage | 5 to 30 degrees C (41 to 86 F), away from sun and humidity |
| Regulatory status | Cosmetic device; not a medical device; not FDA-cleared |
| Availability | Pre-order |
Who should not use an at-home micro-infusion device at all?
A specific group should not use the MicroInfuser under any circumstances, because their skin or medical situation makes controlled micro-injury unsafe regardless of how shallow or sterile the device is. The absolute contraindications below come directly from the MicroInfuser manual and align with the microneedling contraindications named in the dermatology literature.1 If any single item applies to you, the correct action is not to modify your routine but to not use the device.
Tier 1: Absolute contraindications, do not use
- Oral isotretinoin (Accutane) currently, or within the past six months.
- A personal or family history of keloid or hypertrophic scarring.
- An active bacterial, viral, or fungal skin infection in the treatment area, including active cold sores.
- Open wounds, abrasions, or unhealed cuts on the area.
- Active cystic or inflammatory acne in the area.
- An active eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis flare.
- A chemical peel, laser treatment, or significant sunburn in the past seven days, or skin still visibly red, peeling, or tender.
- A known allergy to gold, stainless steel, or any listed serum ingredient.
Keloid history and active infection deserve emphasis because they are the two contraindications a fixed shallow depth does nothing to soften. A systematic review of microneedling adverse effects lists a personal or family history of keloids and active infection among the recognized contraindications, and notes reports of infection tied specifically to self-administered treatment, where the person needling their own skin can inoculate an infection deeper.1 That is the failure mode a sealed single-use head is designed to prevent, and it is also why the manual is firm that these are stop conditions, not caution conditions.
Who needs a doctor's clearance before starting?
A second group can potentially use micro-infusion, but only after a conversation with the physician who knows their history. These are situations where the treatment interacts with medication, healing, or hormones in ways a manufacturer cannot assess for an individual. The manual is explicit that if anything in this tier applies to you, you should not begin until a qualified healthcare provider has cleared you.
Tier 2: Talk to your doctor first
- Pregnancy, planning pregnancy, or breastfeeding. Hormonal shifts change how skin reacts, and safety data for several ingredients in pregnancy is limited.
- Blood thinners or anticoagulants, including warfarin, clopidogrel, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and daily aspirin therapy.
- Oral or topical antibiotics on the area, immunosuppressants, systemic steroids, or any medication that affects wound healing.
- Uncontrolled diabetes, an active autoimmune flare, or an unhealed surgical or cosmetic procedure on the face.
- A known fish or shellfish allergy, because the serum contains marine-derived hydrolyzed collagen.
- A history of cold sores in the treatment area, where antiviral prophylaxis may be advisable before a session.
- A pacemaker or cardiac condition, if you plan to pair micro-infusion with an at-home RF, ultrasound, or microcurrent device.
The blood thinner point is the one people most often underestimate. Even at a fixed 0.5 mm, anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication raises the chance of bruising and prolonged pinpoint bleeding, and bleeding disorders and anticoagulation are named precautions for microneedling in the review literature.1 Your prescribing physician may advise proceeding, waiting, or adjusting timing around your dose. That is a clinical judgment, not one this page can make for you. For questions about spacing sessions around injectables and in-clinic work rather than medications, our micro-infusion timing checker covers the wait windows.
Who can use it with a modified routine?
A third group can generally use the MicroInfuser, but should adjust the protocol rather than run the standard routine straight away. These are skin conditions and skin types that tolerate shallow needling when it is introduced carefully, with a patch test and a slower start. The goal here is to reduce the chance of the most common side effects, particularly post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, rather than to rule the device out.
Tier 3: Proceed with a modified protocol
- Rosacea, well-controlled eczema or psoriasis, melasma, or a history of post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: perform an extended 24 to 48 hour patch test and stop at the first unusual reaction.
- Fitzpatrick skin types IV to VI: watch closely for early pigment change and keep daily SPF non-negotiable.
- Sensitive skin: start with one session every three to four weeks, then move toward the standard bi-weekly cadence only if your skin tolerates it.
- Neck and chest: thinner skin, so use lighter pressure, reduce each zone's passes, and extend the interval to three weeks.
Darker skin tones are worth a specific note because the concern is real but often overstated for shallow needling. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is the main risk to manage in Fitzpatrick IV to VI skin, and a systematic review flags it as a particular concern in darker skin.1 At the same time, a review of microneedling applications notes that at roughly 0.5 mm the epidermis stays intact with no change in melanocyte number, and that in a head-to-head comparison none of the microneedling patients developed hyperpigmentation while a share of the laser group did.2 Shallow, sun-protected, conservative sessions are how you keep that risk low.
Why does a fixed 0.5 mm depth change the safety math?
The single most important safety feature of the MicroInfuser is that its needles cannot go deeper than 0.5 mm, because the depth is mechanically locked at the head rather than set by the user. This matters because most of the serious complications reported for microneedling scale with depth, aggression, and hygiene, not with the existence of needling itself. A device that removes the depth variable removes a category of risk that variable-depth pens carry.
Two things follow from the depth lock, and honesty requires stating both. The reassuring one: at around 0.5 mm, needling reaches the upper skin without the deep dermal injury that drives tram-track scarring or significant pigment change, and the review literature describes an intact epidermis and minimal dyspigmentation risk at that depth.2 Comprehensive reviews of microneedling place cosmetic, at-home depths well below the medical depths a trained provider uses for scar remodeling.3 The unglamorous one: a fixed depth does nothing about the biological contraindications. Recent isotretinoin, keloid tendency, and active infection are dangerous because of how the skin heals, not how far the needle travels, so the depth lock offers those users no protection at all.
What is normal after a session, and what is not?
Knowing which reactions are expected and which are warning signs is part of using any needling device safely. Mild, short-lived redness and a tingling glow are normal signs the treatment is working; a reaction that gets worse over days is not. The table below sets the two apart, drawn from the manual's sensory guide and its when-to-stop guidance.
| Normal and expected | Stop and contact a provider |
|---|---|
| A light pink or red flush for one to four hours | Redness that lasts more than 48 hours |
| Mild warmth or a faint tingling during and after | Swelling that increases rather than decreases |
| A slightly tacky feel as the serum settles | Signs of infection: warmth, pus, or fever |
| Occasional tiny pinpoint bleeding in thinner areas | Unusual or lasting pain |
| A hydrated glow visible by the next morning | An allergic reaction such as hives or significant itching |
The isotretinoin question, answered honestly
The MicroInfuser manual sets a conservative rule: do not use the device if you have taken oral isotretinoin within the past six months. It is worth knowing that the clinical consensus on isotretinoin and procedures has actually shifted in the other direction. A 2017 systematic review with consensus recommendations, and a separate ASDS task force consensus the same year, both concluded there was insufficient evidence to justify delaying superficial procedures, including microneedling, after isotretinoin when performed by a clinician.45
So why keep the six-month rule for the MicroInfuser? Because the consensus describes procedures done by a trained professional who examines the skin first and controls the setting. At-home micro-infusion is unsupervised, and there is no clinician checking your barrier before each session. EvenSkyn holds the conservative line for that reason. If you are within six months of isotretinoin and want to move sooner, that is a conversation to have with your dermatologist, not a decision to make from a product page.
What the device will not do, and who it is not for
An honest suitability page has to name the limits, because a 0.5 mm at-home device is deliberately not a clinic tool. The fixed shallow depth that makes the MicroInfuser safe for home use also caps what it can achieve, and there are results it should not be bought for. Setting that expectation before purchase is the point of this section.
The device is designed to support the look of firmer, smoother, more hydrated, more even-toned skin over months of consistent use. It is not a treatment for deep or long-standing acne scars or mature stretch marks, where in-clinic needling at greater depth, set by a provider, does meaningfully more than 0.5 mm can. It will not deliver an overnight change; the manual's own timeline puts the first visible firming response around weeks six to eight, building over four to six months. And for anyone on the Tier 1 list, there is no at-home workaround at all. The correct answer for that group is not this device at a gentler setting; it is a different plan, made with a clinician. For a fuller read on realistic outcomes and whether at-home micro-infusion works, see our guides on whether at-home micro-infusion is safe and effective and the complete at-home micro-infusion guide.
What owning the MicroInfuser actually involves
Buying a micro-infusion device is a commitment to a small routine of consumables, storage, and disposal, not just a one-time purchase. Knowing that upkeep before you buy is part of deciding whether the device fits your life. Here is what ownership looks like in practice, again drawn from the manual.
Consumables and replacement heads
Every session uses one fresh gamma-sterilized needle head and one sealed 5 mL Syntha-Pep ampoule, discarded together afterward; nothing is reused. The kit comes in 2-pack and 4-pack configurations, and you reorder heads and serum to continue. On the standard bi-weekly cadence, a 4-pack is roughly a two-month supply. Budgeting for the ongoing consumables, not just the device, is the honest way to think about cost per session.
Warranty
The applicator carries a 12-month limited warranty from the date of purchase, covering manufacturing defects in the device itself. Consumables are not covered by warranty, though heads or ampoules that arrive damaged may be eligible for replacement if you contact support within 14 days of delivery. The warranty does not cover misuse, improper storage, or attempts to disassemble the device.
Storage
Keep the device in its original protective box, stored between 5 and 30 degrees C (41 to 86 F), out of direct sunlight and away from heat. Do not store it in a bathroom, because humidity and temperature swings compromise both the device and the sealed ampoules, and keep all components out of reach of children.
Sharps disposal
Used needle heads are sharps and should be treated as such. Place each used head in a rigid, puncture-resistant container, an empty screw-cap bottle works, seal it, and take it to a designated sharps drop-off rather than loose household trash or recycling. In the US, safeneedledisposal.org lists local options; in Canada, check your provincial health authority. Empty ampoules and outer packaging are recyclable where number 5 plastic recycling is available.
Travel and TSA
Microneedle heads are not on the US TSA prohibited items list and are generally permitted in both carry-on and checked baggage; keep them in the original sealed packaging to avoid questions at screening. Each serum ampoule is 5 mL, within standard carry-on liquid limits, so ampoules can go in your clear liquids bag. Screening officers always have final discretion and rules vary by country, so check current guidance at tsa.gov and your destination's rules before you fly.
How to judge any at-home micro-infusion device
If you are comparing options rather than committing to one, a handful of criteria separate a well-made at-home micro-infusion device from a risky one. These are the questions worth asking of any device in the category, answered honestly for the MicroInfuser, including the one where it is deliberately not the strongest choice.
| Ask this | Why it matters | The MicroInfuser's answer |
|---|---|---|
| Is the depth fixed or user-set? | User-set depth is the main source of at-home injury and uneven results | Fixed and mechanically locked at 0.5 mm |
| Is the needle head single-use and sterile? | Reused or non-sterile heads are the leading infection route | Single-use, gamma-sterilized, sealed until use |
| Is the serum sealed from air and fingers? | Open serum wells invite contamination | Sealed ampoule-to-head system, no pouring or transfer |
| Are contraindications stated plainly? | A device that hides who should not use it is a warning sign | Full absolute and doctor-first lists in the manual |
| Can it reach clinical treatment depths? | Deep scars and stretch marks need greater depth | No. At 0.5 mm it is intentionally shallower than a clinic pen, and does less for deep scarring |
That last row is the one where the MicroInfuser does not win, and it should not. A device that a trained provider can set to greater depth will do more for deep acne scars and mature stretch marks than a fixed 0.5 mm tool ever will. The MicroInfuser trades maximum depth for at-home safety on purpose. If your primary goal is remodeling deep scars, a clinic is the smarter spend, and we would rather say so here than sell you the wrong tool.
Frequently asked questions
Who should not use an at-home micro-infusion device at all?
Do not use the MicroInfuser if you have taken oral isotretinoin (Accutane) within the past six months, have a personal or family history of keloid or hypertrophic scarring, have an active skin infection including a cold sore in the treatment area, have open wounds or an active eczema or psoriasis flare in the area, have active cystic acne in the area, or have a known allergy to gold or stainless steel. These are absolute contraindications in the MicroInfuser manual and the fixed depth does not change them.
Can I use micro-infusion while pregnant or breastfeeding?
The MicroInfuser manual recommends pausing micro-infusion during pregnancy and breastfeeding until your physician confirms it is appropriate to resume. Safety data for many active skincare ingredients during pregnancy is limited, and reviews of cosmetic procedures in pregnancy generally advise deferring elective needling. Speak with your obstetrician or dermatologist before using the device.
Can I use the MicroInfuser if I take blood thinners?
Not without speaking to your prescribing physician first. Anticoagulants and antiplatelet medications such as warfarin, clopidogrel, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and daily aspirin can increase bruising and pinpoint bleeding even at the device's fixed 0.5 mm depth. Bleeding disorders and anticoagulation are recognized precautions for microneedling, so your doctor should clear you before you begin.
Does micro-infusion hurt or make you bleed?
Most people feel a light tapping and mild warmth rather than sharp pain. At the fixed 0.5 mm depth, pinpoint bleeding is uncommon, and when a few tiny spots appear it usually just means the needles reached the upper dermis. If you feel dragging, scratching, or real pain, you are pressing too hard; micro-infusion is a gentle tap-and-lift motion, never a drag.
How long does the redness last after a session?
A light pink flush typically lasts one to four hours, and most people see a hydrated glow by the next morning. Redness that lasts more than 48 hours, swelling that increases rather than decreases, or any sign of infection is not expected; stop and contact a healthcare provider if that happens.
Is micro-infusion safe for darker skin tones?
Needling at roughly 0.5 mm has a lower reported risk of pigment change than deeper resurfacing, because histology at that depth shows an intact epidermis with no change in melanocyte number. Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation is still the main concern for Fitzpatrick IV to VI skin, so use daily SPF, watch for early pigment changes, and start conservatively. Consult a dermatologist first if you have a history of hyperpigmentation.
Can I use micro-infusion over active acne?
No. Do not stamp directly over active cystic or inflammatory acne, open lesions, or broken skin. Needling across an active breakout can spread bacteria and worsen the area. You can treat calm skin and add extra passes over depressed acne scars only when the skin is not currently inflamed.
Can I micro-infuse over moles, or on my lips and eyes?
No. Avoid raised scars, moles, and skin tags, and stay off the eyelids, the immediate under-eye hollow, and the soft lip tissue. The lip border and the bone around the eye socket are acceptable, but the eyes and lips themselves are not. For the under-eye area, pat residual serum along the orbital bone with clean fingertips instead.
Do I have to wait six months after Accutane?
For at-home use, yes. The MicroInfuser manual sets a conservative six-month wait after your last isotretinoin dose. Clinician consensus published in 2017 found insufficient evidence to delay superficial procedures performed by a professional, but EvenSkyn keeps the six-month rule for unsupervised at-home use because no clinician is assessing your skin barrier before each session.
Is the serum safe if I have a fish or shellfish allergy?
The Syntha-Pep serum contains a small amount of marine-derived hydrolyzed collagen, so it is not suitable for people with a fish or shellfish allergy without medical clearance. The PDRN itself is bioengineered by fermentation and contains no salmon-derived material, but the marine collagen is separate. If you have a fish or shellfish allergy, consult your physician and perform a 24-hour patch test, or contact support for animal-free reformulation status.
What should I avoid right before and after a session?
Pause retinoids, AHAs, BHAs, and vitamin C for the windows in the manual, roughly 48 to 72 hours around a session. On the day of and the day after, skip makeup, sweat, pools, saunas, and hot showers, and do not wash your face for the rest of the evening. Apply a broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher every morning while you are treating.
How deep does the MicroInfuser go, and why does that matter for safety?
The needles are mechanically locked at 0.5 mm, so no matter how hard you press, they cannot penetrate further. A fixed shallow depth narrows the technique-related risks of variable-depth pens, such as over-penetration, uneven channels, and deep pigment injury. It does not remove the biological contraindications like recent isotretinoin, keloid history, or active infection, which apply at any depth.
How often should I use the MicroInfuser?
Once every two weeks is the standard cadence, in the evening. An optional 10-day interval is only for skin that has tolerated four to six sessions without irritation, and you should not go shorter than that; more frequent stamping does not improve results at 0.5 mm and can compromise the barrier. Return to bi-weekly at the first sign of prolonged redness or sensitivity.
Can I use my RF, microcurrent, or LED device with the MicroInfuser?
Yes, with timing. Use a radiofrequency, ultrasound, or EMS and microcurrent device before micro-infusion as a warm-up, ideally the same day, then wait at least 24 hours after a session before resuming them. Red or near-infrared LED can resume from 24 hours onward. If you have a pacemaker or a cardiac condition, check with your physician before using electrical or radiofrequency devices at all.
Can I reuse a needle head if I sterilize it myself?
No. Needle heads are single-use only. Home sterilization cannot match the gamma-sterilization used in manufacturing, and reusing a head raises the risk of infection and damages the needle tips. Reported microneedling infections cluster around reused or non-sterile equipment, which is why the sealed single-use head is a safety feature rather than a convenience.
How do I dispose of used needle heads?
Treat used heads as sharps. Place each used head in a rigid, puncture-resistant container such as an empty screw-cap bottle, seal it, and take it to a sharps drop-off rather than loose household trash or recycling. In the US, safeneedledisposal.org lists local options; in Canada, check your provincial health authority. Empty ampoules and packaging are recyclable where number 5 plastic is accepted.
Can I travel or fly with the MicroInfuser?
Microneedle heads are not on the US TSA prohibited items list and are generally permitted in carry-on and checked baggage; keep them in the original sealed packaging. Each serum ampoule is 5 mL, within standard carry-on liquid limits, so pack ampoules in your clear liquids bag. Screening officers have final discretion and rules vary by country, so check current guidance at tsa.gov and your destination's rules before flying.
What warranty comes with the device?
The MicroInfuser applicator carries a 12-month limited warranty from the date of purchase, covering manufacturing defects in the device itself. Consumables, meaning the sterile needle heads and serum ampoules, are not covered by warranty, but may be eligible for replacement if they arrive damaged; contact support within 14 days of delivery. The warranty does not cover misuse, improper storage, or disassembly.
What should make me stop and call a professional?
Stop using the device and contact a healthcare provider if you have redness lasting more than 48 hours, swelling that increases rather than decreases, signs of infection such as warmth, pus, or fever, unusual pain, or an allergic reaction such as hives or significant itching. Mild pink flushing for a few hours after a session is normal; a worsening reaction is not.
Is the MicroInfuser a medical device?
No. The MicroInfuser is a cosmetic skincare device for personal at-home use. It is not a medical device, it is not FDA-cleared, and it is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. It is designed to support the look of firmer, smoother, more hydrated skin. Anyone with a medical condition should consult a qualified provider before use.
Decided the MicroInfuser is right for you?
If you have read the contraindications and you are a good candidate, the MicroInfuser kit pairs the fixed-depth device with single-use Syntha-Pep serum ampoules.
View the MicroInfuser kitCurrently available for pre-order. If any Tier 1 contraindication applies to you, or you are unsure, speak with a qualified clinician before purchasing.
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- Iriarte C, Awosika O, Rengifo-Pardo M, Ehrlich A. Review of applications of microneedling in dermatology. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:289 to 298. PMID: 28848356. DOI: 10.2147/CCID.S142450.
- Hou A, Cohen B, Haimovic A, Elbuluk N. Microneedling: A Comprehensive Review. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(3):321 to 339. PMID: 27755171.
- Spring LK, Krakowski AC, Alam M, et al. Isotretinoin and Timing of Procedural Interventions: A Systematic Review With Consensus Recommendations. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153(8):802 to 809. PMID: 28658462. DOI: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.2077.
- Waldman A, Bolotin D, Arndt KA, et al. ASDS Guidelines Task Force: Consensus Recommendations Regarding the Safety of Lasers, Dermabrasion, Chemical Peels, Energy Devices, and Skin Surgery During and After Isotretinoin Use. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(10):1249 to 1262. PMID: 28498204.
