How Much Does Microneedling Cost in 2026?

Clinic prices read 22 September 2026, in US dollars · our kit price loads live from the store · by the EvenSkyn editorial team

Professional microneedling in the US usually costs $200 to $800 USD per session, and a 2026 national survey of cosmetic practices put the average treatment at $938 USD. Most people need 3 to 6 sessions, so a first series runs about $600 to $4,000 USD, plus $150 to $500 USD a session if you add PRP or exosomes, plus upkeep visits after that.1, 2

At home, a fixed 0.5 mm micro-infusion kit like our MicroInfuser covers four sessions, so one session costs a quarter of the kit price: $45.00, or $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov. That's a shallower, different treatment, and this page shows exactly what the gap in price buys you.

$200 to $800USD per clinic session, published range, Aug 20262
$938USD national average per treatment, 2026 survey1
3 to 6sessions in a typical first series2
$45.00per at-home MicroInfuser session, 0.5 mm, $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov8

What microneedling costs per session, by type (2026)

Three things set the price: who holds the needles, how deep they go, and what gets added on top. Here's every route side by side, with a source and a date on each number.

Route Who does it Needle length as stated Cost (USD) Typical course Source, date
Clinic microneedling (motorized pen) Dermatologist, nurse, PA or aesthetician Set by the provider; studies use settings up to 2.5 mm23 $200 to $800 USD per session; $938 USD national average (typical range $686 to $1,515 USD) 3 to 6 sessions, 4 to 6 weeks apart Rao Dermatology, 29 Aug 20262; Synchrony survey via CareCredit, 17 Jul 20261
Clinic microneedling + PRP (“vampire facial”) Medical provider (needs a blood draw) Same as above Add $150 to $500 USD per session; RealSelf reports up to $600 USD more 3 sessions a month apart in one trial26 Rao, 29 Aug 20262; RealSelf, updated 3 Nov 20233
Clinic microneedling + exosomes Medical provider Same as above Add $150 to $500 USD per session Varies by clinic Rao, 29 Aug 20262; FDA: no FDA-approved exosome products13
RF microneedling (for example Morpheus8) Medical provider only Needles plus heat $1,870 USD average; $549 to $4,000 USD range At least 3 monthly sessions RealSelf, updated 12 Apr 20234; FDA, 15 Oct 202512
At-home adjustable pen (for example Dr. Pen Ultima A6) You Adjustable, 0 to 2.5 mm $111.30 USD for the pen, then $5.50 USD per single-use cartridge ($55.00 USD per 10) Not stated on the pages we read us.drpen.co, read 22 Sep 20266, 7
At-home micro-infusion: EvenSkyn MicroInfuser
We make this 		You 0.5 mm nominal, fixed at the head Kit of 4 sessions: $179.98, or $107.99 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov. Per session: $45.00, or $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov Every 14 days per the manual evenskyn.com, live price8, 9

Morpheus8, Sylfirm X and Dr. Pen are trademarks of their owners, named for identification only. No at-home device, ours included, does what RF microneedling does; what is and is not sold for home use is mapped in our guide to RF microneedling at home. We compare five at-home micro-infusion kits on cost per treatment in our kit comparison, and what fifteen home pens, rollers and stamps publish about depth in the depth register. Comparing no-needle options like Thermage, Sofwave, Ultherapy and XERF? See what RF skin tightening costs.

What a full series costs, and why the per-session price misleads

One session rarely does it, so budget for the series and the upkeep, not the visit. The same practice that publishes the $200 to $800 USD range puts a realistic 3 to 6 session program at $600 to $4,000 USD.2

Scenario Math (USD) Total (USD) Source, date
Budget clinic series 3 sessions × $250 $750 Rao, 29 Aug 20262
Mid-range series with numbing and aftercare 4 sessions × $500 $2,000 Rao, 29 Aug 20262
Dermatology practice, RF or PRP included 6 sessions × $700 $4,200 Rao, 29 Aug 20262
National average, three sessions 3 sessions × $938 $2,814 Synchrony via CareCredit, 17 Jul 20261
One writer's clinic package 4 sessions for $800 $800 GoodRx, 22 May 20245
MicroInfuser, every 2 weeks for a year 26 sessions, 4 per kit $1,169.87, or $701.94 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov (6.5 kits) evenskyn.com, live price8
MicroInfuser, every 4 weeks for a year 13 sessions, 4 per kit $584.94, or $350.97 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov (3.25 kits) evenskyn.com, live price8

Then there's upkeep. The AAD suggests a maintenance session once a year, some practices say every 3 to 6 months, and the FDA notes that any improvement may be temporary.2, 11, 14 Kits come in fours, so a full year at the two-week pace means buying 7 kits ($1,259.86) with two sessions to spare.

Microneedling cost calculator: clinic vs at home, 12 and 24 months

Set your clinic's price, any add-on, and how often you'd go. The at-home column uses the MicroInfuser's live store price, and the BLACK40 price while that code runs (until 30 November). Everything runs in your browser.

$500
Your totals (USD)
12 months 24 months
Clinic, 4 and 5 visits $2,000 $2,500
At home, 26 and 52 sessions See today's price See today's price
Clinic minus home See today's price See today's price

Your answer

Your 12-month at-home cost: See today's price. Clinic: US$2,000.

Home totals load from the live kit price.

Clinic totals are your series plus upkeep visits.

See the MicroInfuser

We make the MicroInfuser.

Not the same treatment. Clinic pens go deeper under a trained provider; the MicroInfuser uses fixed-length 0.5 mm needles for the look of skin. Compare the money here, then read what each one buys below. Clinic totals are the series plus your upkeep visits; year two is upkeep only.

What the clinic fee actually buys: a controlled injury and the repair that follows

Microneedling works by making thousands of tiny, controlled wounds so your skin runs its own repair program. The repair, not the needle, is what you're paying for, and it takes months.

Wounds heal in overlapping phases: stopping the bleeding, inflammation, proliferation (new matrix and blood vessels), and remodeling, which can run a year or more.17, 18 The case for microneedling is that it triggers a curtailed version of that sequence: less inflammation than resurfacing, and healing without a scar.17

You can see it at the molecular level. In a 3D model of human skin, microneedling switched on genes tied to tissue remodeling and wound healing, including COL3A1 (the gene for type III collagen), switched off several inflammatory signals, and the outer skin had almost fully recovered five days later.19

And in people. In a retrospective review of 480 patients, biopsies from 20 showed a considerable increase in collagen and elastin at six months, and a 40 percent thicker stratum spinosum (a layer of the epidermis) at one year.15 In a small study of 10 patients given six sessions two weeks apart, collagen types I, III and VII and newly made collagen all rose significantly, and the authors noted that multiple sessions are usually needed to keep the gains.16 Reviews land in the same place: controlled wounding switches on the healing cascade that builds collagen, with study-quality caveats.20, 21, 22

That's the real version of “micro-injuries help repair skin.” It's also why the price follows depth and session count. More controlled injury means more repair, more downtime and a bigger bill.

What happens after a microneedling session A vertical timeline from the session to one year. Inflammation, proliferation and remodeling overlap, and seven study findings sit along the line: channels open for minutes to hours, the outer skin nearly recovered by day 5, more collagen and elastin at six months, and remodeling that can run past a year. INFLAMMATION PROLIFERATION REMODELING Session30 min4 hoursDay 5WeeksMonth 6Year 1+ Controlled micro-injuriesthousands of tiny channels 5 to 30 minutesbest window to work serum or PRPinto 1 mm channels [23] 3 to 4 hoursbarrier back in rat skin; channelsshut within 15 hours [24] Day 5outer skin nearly recovered ina 3D human skin model [19] Days to weeksproliferation: new matrix andblood vessels form [18] Month 6more collagen and elastin inbiopsies after clinic needling [15] Year 1 and beyondremodeling can keep going [17]
Figure 1. What the session starts. Schematic, not to scale; phases overlap and vary by depth and person. Numbers in brackets match the sources list.

Why needle depth drives the price

The deeper the needle goes, the more it can change, and the more supervision it needs. That's the core of the price gap between a clinic and a home kit.

Depth settings aren't exact either. When one surgeon measured real penetration in excised skin, it closely matched the pen's setting up to 1.0 mm but was less consistent at 1.5 to 2.5 mm.23 That's part of what you pay a trained provider to manage.

  • Clinic devices. The FDA has cleared microneedling devices to improve the appearance of facial acne scars, facial wrinkles and abdominal scars in adults 22 and older. Most are motorized pens, the FDA recommends a specially trained provider, and it has not authorized any microneedling medical device for over-the-counter sale.11
  • At-home products are gentler and give less noticeable results than a dermatologist, says the AAD, which also warns that an at-home product that pierces skin can lead to infection or scarring.14
  • RF microneedling is, in the FDA's words, “a medical procedure, not a cosmetic treatment,” and those devices should not be used at home. The agency has reports of burns, scarring, fat loss, disfigurement and nerve damage.12

The MicroInfuser has a 0.5 mm nominal needle length, fixed at the head.9 That's a cosmetic needle length, not a clinic depth, and the published evidence for needles this short is thinner. Better you hear that from us.

Needle length or setting by route Bars comparing needle length or setting: a 0.25 mm roller from a published study, the MicroInfuser's 0.5 mm nominal needle length, clinic pens whose settings are accurate to 1.0 mm, deeper clinic settings from 1.5 to 2.5 mm that are less exact, and RF microneedling, which adds heat and is clinic only. Roller in a published study: 0.25 mm [33] MicroInfuser: fixed 0.5 mm [9] Clinic pen: settings accurate to 1.0 mm [23] Clinic pen, deep: 1.5 to 2.5 mm, less exact [23] RF microneedling: adds heat, clinic only [12] + HEAT 00.51.01.52.02.5 mm needle length or setting, in millimetres
Figure 2. Where each route works. Schematic; skin thickness varies by face area and person, and a setting is not an exact depth.

Add-ons: what PRP, exosomes and PDRN add to the bill, and to the result

Add-ons can double the price of a session. PRP has the best evidence of the three; exosomes and PDRN are mostly paying for a story you should check.

PRP (platelet-rich plasma)

Budget $150 to $500 USD extra per session.2 For acne scars it earns its keep: a 2022 meta-analysis of 14 controlled studies (472 patients) found microneedling plus PRP roughly tripled the odds of a better-than-50% improvement compared with microneedling alone.25 In one split-face trial, the PRP side improved 62.20% versus 45.84% on the control side.26 One catch: the FDA hasn't cleared any microneedling device for use with PRP or other products, so it hasn't reviewed the combination.11

Exosomes

Also $150 to $500 USD extra per session.2 The FDA's position is blunt: “There are currently no FDA-approved exosome products.”13 Ask what's in the vial and who made it before you pay for it.

PDRN, the “salmon DNA” add-on

The strong PDRN data come from a drug-grade, salmon-derived mixture of DNA fragments between 50 and 1,500 kDa, studied mainly in regenerative medicine and diabetic foot ulcers.27 Molecules above 500 daltons don't get through intact skin, which is why topical PDRN leans on needles or injections to get anywhere (the evidence is on our PDRN absorption page).28 We break down the salmon DNA facial price and the at-home route in our PDRN clinic vs home guide.

The half hour after needling is when anything gets in

Channels are open briefly. The best window to work PRP or pigment into 1 mm channels was 5 to 30 minutes after needling,23 and in rat skin the barrier was back within 3 to 4 hours, with channels closed inside 15 hours (up to 72 hours under a dressing).24 Whatever sits on your skin in that window goes in, good or bad. Three women developed facial granulomas after microneedling, two of them after the same vitamin C serum was applied during treatment,29 and a 2025 case report describes a chin ulcer after at-home needling with vitamin E oil.30 Only products made for the job belong in open channels.

Where Syntha-Pep fits: what's in the ampoule, and what the evidence does and doesn't say

Syntha-Pep is the serum sealed in every MicroInfuser ampoule. At 0.5 mm, the needle makes the channel and the serum decides what goes in it, so here's the ingredient list against the research, including where the research stops.

Ingredient (label name) What it is in our serum What published research covers What we won't claim
Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRN) 0.2% of the finished serum (2,000 ppm). Biosynthetic, not from salmon. Raw material averages 31 kD10 Drug-grade PDRN studies use 50 to 1,500 kDa material27 That drug-grade PDRN results apply to this serum
sh-Oligopeptide-1 A peptide that corresponds to human EGF (epidermal growth factor)10 A 3-month open-label study of a different EGF serum, used twice daily with no needles, in 29 women aged 39 to 75 reported better-looking fine lines, texture and pores31 A dose-matched result. It sits near the end of our declaration
Copper Tripeptide-1 (GHK-Cu) A copper-bound peptide10 A narrative review by authors at R&D Skin Biology reporting that GHK raises collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycan synthesis and supports dermal fibroblasts32 A dose-matched result. It also sits near the end
Sodium Hyaluronate (four HA forms), Niacinamide, Centella Asiatica Extract Hydration, the look of even tone, soothing10 Standard, well-known skincare ingredients Anything beyond hydration and the look of skin

The closest published test of “shallow needle plus active serum” is a split-face trial: 25 women, a 0.25 mm roller, five sessions two weeks apart. The side that got a stem cell conditioned medium scored significantly better on pigmentation and wrinkles than the side that got saline.33 Different serum, shallower needle, but the same lesson: at cosmetic depth, what you infuse matters.

We ran an internal study of the MicroInfuser with Syntha-Pep between January and June 2026. It is unpublished and was participant-blinded, and we do not quote results from it. What is on record about the study.

Company-sponsored internal study, not independently verified, published or peer-reviewed.

Every batch certificate, source letter and the full ingredient list are in the Syntha-Pep Transparency Lab.

Which route is right for you

Pick by the problem, not the price tag. Scars and deeper lines belong in a clinic; the look of texture, tone and glow is where home micro-infusion earns its keep.

Book a clinic series if

You're treating acne scars, surgical scars or deeper wrinkles, you want a trained provider choosing depth, and you can budget $600 to $4,000 USD for a first series. FDA-cleared devices cover facial acne scars, facial wrinkles and abdominal scars in adults 22 and older.11

Look at RF microneedling if

Laxity or deep scarring is the main issue and you can budget around $1,870 USD a session.4 Clinic only. Our Morpheus8 cost guide has the full course math.

Start at home if

You want smoother-looking texture, more even-looking tone and glow, or upkeep between clinic visits, you'll follow a sealed, fixed-length routine, and a session at a quarter of the kit price ($45.00, or $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov) fits better than $200 USD or more.

Skip needles for now if

You have active breakouts, cold sores or any infection in the area, keloids or slow healing, eczema in a flare, or took isotretinoin recently (the AAD says wait at least a month for clinic needling; our manual says six months for the MicroInfuser).9, 14 Pregnant, breastfeeding or on blood thinners? Ask your doctor first.11 The full list is on our safety page.

What at-home micro-infusion won't do

A home session buys a shallower, gentler treatment. Here's what it doesn't buy, before anyone else has to tell you.

  • It won't match a clinic treatment. The MicroInfuser is a 0.5 mm home stamp, not a clinical treatment. Clinics set depth by face area and can work at up to 2.5 mm.23
  • It isn't a scar or wrinkle treatment. It's a cosmetic device, not a medical device, and it isn't FDA-cleared. What it's for is the look of your skin.9
  • It isn't RF microneedling, and nothing at home should be.12
  • It won't be fast. Collagen remodeling takes months at any depth.15, 17
  • It isn't without risk. Patch test first, never reuse a head, never share the device.9, 11
  • It isn't always cheaper per year. Every two weeks takes 6.5 kits a year, about $1,169.87 at the list price. Against a single cheap clinic series with no upkeep, home can cost more. Run the calculator honestly.

What we make

EvenSkyn MicroInfuser with Syntha-Pep

Fixed 0.5 mm needles · four sterile, single-use, gamma-sterilised heads · four sealed 5 mL ampoules · one session every 14 days, about a two-month supply.9 $179.98, or $107.99 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov for four sessions, so a session costs a quarter of that.8

A cosmetic device that supports the look of firmer, smoother, more even-toned skin. It is not a medical device, it isn't FDA-cleared, and it doesn't treat any condition, including scars.9

See the MicroInfuser How a session works

If firmness is the goal

EvenSkyn Lumo+

Surface RF, EMS and red light. No needles.

It isn't RF microneedling and it doesn't match Morpheus8 or Sylfirm X. Use it before a micro-infusion session, never after: the manual sets 24 hours as the minimum before any RF once you've micro-infused.9 $749.98, or $449.99 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov.35

See the Lumo+

Microneedling cost FAQ

How much does microneedling cost per session?

At most US clinics, $200 to $800 USD per session, depending on the city, who performs it and what's added (Rao Dermatology, August 2026). A 2026 national survey of cosmetic practices put the average treatment at $938 USD, with a typical range of $686 to $1,515 USD (Synchrony, via CareCredit, July 2026).1, 2

How much do 3 microneedling sessions cost?

About $750 USD at the budget end (3 sessions at $250) up to about $2,814 USD at the 2026 survey average (3 at $938). Packages can cut that: one GoodRx writer paid $800 USD for four sessions at her clinic. PRP or exosomes add $150 to $500 USD per session.1, 2, 5

How much is microneedling with PRP?

Expect the base session plus $150 to $500 USD per session for PRP (Rao Dermatology, 2026), and RealSelf reports up to $600 USD more. For acne scars, a 2022 meta-analysis of 14 controlled studies found PRP added to microneedling roughly tripled the odds of a better-than-50% improvement.2, 3, 25

Does insurance cover microneedling?

Usually not. CareCredit's 2026 guide says most health insurance is unlikely to cover microneedling because it's cosmetic, so budget for the full cost of the series and upkeep.1

Is microneedling worth the money?

For the right problem, many people think so: 86% of RealSelf reviewers rated microneedling Worth It (page updated November 2023). Reviews of the research call it safe and effective for scars and wrinkles, with study-quality caveats. It's rarely worth it if you expect one session to do the job.3, 21, 22

How long do microneedling results last?

Months, not forever. The AAD says results fade as your body loses collagen and suggests a maintenance session once a year, some practices advise upkeep every 3 to 6 months, and the FDA notes that any improvement may be temporary.2, 11, 14

How often should you get microneedling?

In clinics, typically every 4 to 6 weeks during a series, or every 2 to 4 weeks for acne scars per the AAD. At home, the MicroInfuser's standard interval is every 14 days with fixed 0.5 mm needles, starting at every 3 to 4 weeks on sensitive skin, and never closer than 10 days.1, 9, 14

Is 40 too old for microneedling?

No. FDA-cleared microneedling devices are for adults 22 and older with no upper age listed, and the studies on this page enrolled people up to 75, including a four-session clinic device study of adults aged 35 to 75.11, 34

What is the downside to microneedling?

Cost, time and a few days of redness. The FDA lists bleeding, bruising, redness, tightness, itching and peeling as common and usually short-lived, with infection and dark or light spots as less common. Products applied during needling can also trigger reactions, including granulomas in published case reports.11, 29

Does at-home microneedling really work?

It can improve the look of skin, but less than a clinic. The AAD says home devices give less noticeable results than a dermatologist, and most of the human research uses clinic depths. The shallow-depth evidence we found pairs the needle with an active serum, like a 0.25 mm split-face trial.14, 33

Is at-home microneedling cheaper than a clinic?

Per session, by a lot: one MicroInfuser kit covers four sessions, so a home session costs a quarter of the kit price, against $200 to $800 USD for a clinic session. Per year the gap is smaller, because home sessions are more frequent: every two weeks uses 6.5 kits a year. It's also a shallower, different treatment.2, 8

Today a home session is $45.00, or $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov.

Why is RF microneedling so much more expensive?

It sends radiofrequency heat through the needles, and the FDA calls it a medical procedure, not a cosmetic treatment, that should not be done at home, citing reports of burns, scarring, fat loss and nerve damage. RealSelf lists Morpheus8 at $1,870 USD a session on average.4, 12

Are PDRN or salmon DNA add-ons worth paying for?

The strong PDRN data come from drug-grade material of 50 to 1,500 kDa. Molecules that large don't cross intact skin, so topical PDRN depends on channels. Our serum's numbers are public instead: 0.2% PDRN, biosynthetic, from 31 kD raw material, so we don't borrow drug-grade results.10, 27, 28

How much does the MicroInfuser cost per session?

One kit is the applicator with four sterile single-use heads and four sealed 5 mL Syntha-Pep ampoules, so a session costs the kit price divided by four. At the standard two-week interval that's about a two-month supply.8, 9

Today's kit price: $179.98, or $107.99 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov. Per session: $45.00, or $27.00 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov.

The short version

Clinic, home or wait: pick your route

Clinic

Suits acne scars, surgical scars and deeper wrinkles, with a trained provider choosing depth. A first series usually runs $600 to $4,000 USD.

Price your series in the calculator

At home

Suits the look of texture, tone and glow, or upkeep between clinic visits, on a sealed 0.5 mm routine every two weeks.

Kit of 4 sessions: $179.98, or $107.99 with code BLACK40 until 30 Nov

See the MicroInfuser

60-day guarantee on unused treatments

Wait

Suits anyone with active breakouts, cold sores, an eczema flare or recent isotretinoin, and anyone pregnant or breastfeeding. Heal or finish first, then decide.

Check the safety list

We make the MicroInfuser.

How we priced this, and what we sell

We read every clinic and third-party price on 22 September 2026 unless a source date is shown. Our own MicroInfuser and Lumo+ prices load live from the store, with the BLACK40 price shown while that code runs. Clinic prices come from a 2026 national survey of cosmetic practices (Synchrony, published by CareCredit), a dermatology practice's August 2026 price guide, RealSelf's review-based averages and a GoodRx first-person report. Local prices vary a lot, so call two clinics before you budget. Device prices come from each maker's own US product page. Every study was checked against its PubMed record on 22 September 2026, and each is linked below.

What we sell: EvenSkyn makes the MicroInfuser, Syntha-Pep and Lumo+. We earn nothing from any clinic, brand or product named here. This page isn't medical advice. For scars, deeper wrinkles or any skin condition, see a board-certified dermatologist.

Sources

  1. Rosenfeld J. Microneedling Cost and Procedure Guide. CareCredit Well U, 17 July 2026. National average from the 2026 Synchrony Average Procedural Cost Study for Cosmetic Practices, conducted by ASQ360. carecredit.com
  2. Rao Dermatology. U.S. Microneedling Cost and What Raises It. 29 August 2026. raodermatology.com
  3. RealSelf. Microneedling: average cost, price range and Worth It rating. Updated 3 November 2023. Read 22 September 2026. realself.com
  4. RealSelf. Morpheus8: average cost and Worth It rating. Updated 12 April 2023. Read 22 September 2026. realself.com
  5. Oakley C, reviewed by Pinto-Garcia P. Is Microneedling Really Worth It? GoodRx, 22 May 2024. goodrx.com
  6. Dr. Pen US. Dr. Pen Ultima A6 product page (price, 0 to 2.5 mm depth). Read 22 September 2026. us.drpen.co
  7. Dr. Pen US. 12 Pin Cartridges for A6 Ultima, pack of 10 (single-use). Read 22 September 2026. us.drpen.co
  8. EvenSkyn. MicroInfuser At-Home Micro-Infusion System with Syntha-Pep, product page. Price loads live on this page. evenskyn.com
  9. EvenSkyn. How to Use the MicroInfuser (needle length, interval, kit contents, contraindications, device pairing). Read 22 September 2026. evenskyn.com
  10. EvenSkyn. Syntha-Pep Transparency Lab, version 1.0, updated 4 September 2026. evenskyn.com
  11. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Microneedling Devices: Getting to the Point on Benefits, Risks and Safety. Content current as of 15 October 2025. fda.gov
  12. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Potential Risks with Certain Uses of Radiofrequency (RF) Microneedling: FDA Safety Communication. 15 October 2025. fda.gov
  13. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Public Safety Notification on Exosome Products. 6 December 2019. fda.gov
  14. American Academy of Dermatology. Microneedling can fade scars, uneven skin tone, and more. Last updated 17 July 2023. aad.org
  15. Aust MC, Fernandes D, Kolokythas P, Kaplan HM, Vogt PM. Percutaneous collagen induction therapy: an alternative treatment for scars, wrinkles, and skin laxity. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121(4):1421-1429. PMID 18349665. PubMed
  16. El-Domyati M, Barakat M, Awad S, et al. Multiple microneedling sessions for minimally invasive facial rejuvenation: an objective assessment. Int J Dermatol. 2015;54(12):1361-1369. PMID 26096653. PubMed
  17. Liebl H, Kloth LC. Skin cell proliferation stimulated by microneedles. J Am Coll Clin Wound Spec. 2012;4(1):2-6. PMID 24527373. PubMed
  18. Gonzalez AC, Costa TF, Andrade ZA, Medrado AR. Wound healing: a literature review. An Bras Dermatol. 2016;91(5):614-620. PMID 27828635. PubMed
  19. Schmitt L, Marquardt Y, Amann P, et al. Comprehensive molecular characterization of microneedling therapy in a human three-dimensional skin model. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0204318. PMID 30235356. PubMed
  20. Alster TS, Graham PM. Microneedling: a review and practical guide. Dermatol Surg. 2018;44(3):397-404. PMID 28796657. PubMed
  21. Ramaut L, Hoeksema H, Pirayesh A, Stillaert F, Monstrey S. Microneedling: where do we stand now? A systematic review of the literature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2018;71(1):1-14. PMID 28690124. PubMed
  22. Hou A, Cohen B, Haimovic A, Elbuluk N. Microneedling: a comprehensive review. Dermatol Surg. 2017;43(3):321-339. PMID 27755171. PubMed
  23. Sasaki GH. Micro-needling depth penetration, presence of pigment particles, and fluorescein-stained platelets: clinical usage for aesthetic concerns. Aesthet Surg J. 2017;37(1):71-83. PMID 27530764. PubMed
  24. Kalluri H, Banga AK. Formation and closure of microchannels in skin following microporation. Pharm Res. 2011;28(1):82-94. PMID 20354766. PubMed
  25. Kang C, Lu D. Combined effect of microneedling and platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of acne scars: a meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:788754. PMID 35237616. PubMed
  26. Asif M, Kanodia S, Singh K. Combined autologous platelet-rich plasma with microneedling verses microneedling with distilled water in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a concurrent split-face study. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15(4):434-443. PMID 26748836. PubMed
  27. Squadrito F, Bitto A, Irrera N, et al. Pharmacological activity and clinical use of PDRN. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:224. PMID 28491036. PubMed
  28. Bos JD, Meinardi MM. The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs. Exp Dermatol. 2000;9(3):165-169. PMID 10839713. PubMed
  29. Soltani-Arabshahi R, Wong JW, Duffy KL, Powell DL. Facial allergic granulomatous reaction and systemic hypersensitivity associated with microneedle therapy for skin rejuvenation. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(1):68-72. PMID 24258303. PubMed
  30. Huang C, Smoller BR, Kerstetter JC, Raza AS, Greas MR. Destructive facial granuloma following self-treatment with vitamin E oil and an at-home microneedling device. Cutis. 2025;116(4):146-148. PMID 41363966. PubMed
  31. Schouest JM, Luu TK, Moy RL. Improved texture and appearance of human facial skin after daily topical application of barley produced, synthetic, human-like epidermal growth factor (EGF) serum. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(5):613-620. PMID 22527430. PubMed
  32. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. PMID 29986520. PubMed
  33. Lee HJ, Lee EG, Kang S, et al. Efficacy of microneedling plus human stem cell conditioned medium for skin rejuvenation: a randomized, controlled, blinded split-face study. Ann Dermatol. 2014;26(5):584-591. PMID 25324650. PubMed
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